Other codings of IEA design features
Variable |
N of IEAs covered |
Values |
Link to dataset and coding manual |
Reference users should cite |
---|---|---|---|---|
Measures whether or not the treaty includes monitoring provisions |
N=211 |
147 |
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Indicates whether or not the treaty includes enforcement provisions |
N= 211 |
65 |
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Measures whether an agreement includes dispute settlement provisions |
N= 211 |
120 |
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Secretariat. Own secretariat = A ; existing secretariat = B |
N= 211 |
A = 64 ; B = 94 |
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“Captures whether member countries are to be granted technical and/or financial assistance to meet the treaty’s goals” |
N= 211 |
All = 23 ; developing = 25 |
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A fund is to be used or to be established as a financial source. |
N= 178 |
|
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Fund usage across membership. Some members= A ; All members= B |
N=178 |
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Fund contribution. voluntarily = A; mandatory al l= B ; mandatory some = C |
N= 178 |
|
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Breadth of TNAs allowed to participate at CoPs (no, unspecified, small, medium, full) |
N= 178 |
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Depth of transnational actors granted access (no, unspecific, observe, speak, vote) |
N= 178 |
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Permanence of transnational actors granted access (no, unspecified, ad hoc, conditional, permanent) |
N= 178 |
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Cross-references across phosphorous- and nitrogen- related instruments |
N= 99 |
|
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Integrated regulation takes the form of international agreements that build on one another to manage a specific issue that had been regulated under an earlier agreement |
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|
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Conservation and/or sustainable use of resources |
N= 29 |
8 |
||
Protection of wild flora and fauna, environment and nature |
N= 29 |
18 |
||
Precautionary principle |
29 |
10 |
||
Inter-generational equity |
29 |
6 |
||
Intra-generational equity |
N= 29 |
5 |
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Saving clauses. No mention = A; use existing international law = B; defer to past treaties if they are in the same spirit = C defer to particular past treaties in the same policy field = D; defer to particular past treaties in a different policy field = E; defer to all past treaties = F |
N= 67 |
A = 21%; B = 35%; C = 3%; D = 15%; E = 4%; F = 21% |
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Policy functions delegated. Rule making = A; Adjudication = B; Implementation = C; Monitoring = D; Enforcement = E |
N= 152 |
A = 22%; B = 6%; C = 55%; D = 12%; E = 5% |
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Actors responsible for delegated policy functions. States = A ; state agent(s)= B; an IO = C private actor = D |
N= 152 |
|
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Preamble refers to human health |
N= 2280 |
150 |
||
Provisions that mention the importance of a resource to human health |
N= 2280 |
20 |
||
Substance or activity considered dangerous to human health |
N= 2280 |
97 |
||
Protection of human health as one of the objectives of the agreement |
N= 2280 |
96 |
||
Recognition of a right to health |
N= 2280 |
12 |
||
Precautionary principle related to human health |
N= 2280 |
13 |
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Importer can impose a quarantine |
N= 2280 |
54 |
||
Parties should invest in national health services and capacities |
N= 2280 |
4 |
||
Exceptions and safeguards to preserve human health |
N= 2280 |
61 |
||
Harmonization of domestic measures related to health policy |
N= 2280 |
10 |
||
Provisions that compel or encourage the Parties to cooperate with the World Health Organization |
N= 2280 |
6 |
||
Provisions that compel or encourage the Parties to cooperate with health institutions other than the WHO |
N= 2280 |
3 |
||
Reference to World Health Organization (Excludes calls for cooperation, ratification, implementation and prevalence) |
N= 2280 |
10 |
||
Presence or absence of “a secretariat to provide reporting and coordination” |
N= 266 |
65% |
||
Presence or absence of “scientific mandates requiring periodic expert review and assessment” |
N= 266 |
50% |
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Presence or absence of “specific enforcement mechanisms to aid in implementation (e.g., compliance committees, boarding and inspection agreements, etc.)” |
N= 266 |
13% |
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Citation to trade agreements. Cooperation with WTO = A; Cooperation with UNCTAD = B; Cooperation with PTA = C; Cooperation with other trade institutions = D; Implementation of trade agreements = E; Prevalence of trade agreement = F; Ratification of trade agreement = G; Trade organization as depositary = H; Reference to WTO = I; Reference to UNCTAD = J; Reference to PTA = K; Reference to other trade institution = L |
N= 2602 |
A=2; B=4; C= 20; D= 20; E= 31; F= 13; G= 9; H= 13; I = 32; J= 6; K= 225; L=61 |
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Additive Flexibility index, including: 1) exceptions to the main obligations; 2) the explicit possibility to make reservations; 3) a notification period of less than 12 months to withdraw from the agreement; 4) a minimum validity period of less than 5 years; 5) the possibility to withdraw partially from the agreement; 6) and a fixed duration for the agreement with the possibility of renewal. |
N= 2090 |
From 0 to 3. Mean 0.878 |
Morin, Tremblay-Auger, Peacock, 2021
|
|
Collective body. Clauses that either: (A) create a new collective body involving all parties, (B) establish a collective body with a subset of parties (C) or provide new functions to an existing collective body |
N= 2090 |
865 |
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Indicates that states completed an agreement (on water) that was integrated with an earlier agreement |
|
|
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Membership eligibility. Close or Open. |
N= 517 |
Closed = 153; Open = 136 |
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Restriction basis for membership eligibility. IO/other treaty = A; Geography = B; By invitation = C; Designated states = D; Functional = E |
N= 517 |
A= 80; B =60; C = 39; D = 26; E = 23 |
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Consent to be bound. Entry into force upon signature = A; Delay after conditions met = B; Delay after conditions met = C |
N= 517 |
A = 88; B = 424; C=181 |
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Duration of the agreement. Indefinite = A language missing = B; Autoextension = C; Duration limited = D |
N= 517 |
A= 72 B = 362; C = 55; D = 28 |
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Reservation. language missing = A; No reservation allowed = B; only ratification reservations = C; All reservations allowed = D; some reservation allowed =E |
N= 517 |
A = 368; B = 81; C= 24; D = 23; E =21 |
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Citations between MEAs |
N=637 |
1089 citations |
Dataset and codebook | |
Role of federated entities. (A) federated entities are authorized to sign, ratify or access the IEA; (B) federated entities must comply with obligations in the agreements; (C) IEA favours the participation of federated entities in its implementation; (D) federated entites have signed the IEAs | N=2077 | A=4; B= 34; C= 48; D=100 | Dataset | Morin, Fournier Paquin 2022 |
Environmental law principles: CBDR (A), precautionary principle (B) and polluter pays principle (C) | N= 2720 |
A= 48 B= 103 C= 58 |
Dataset and codebook | Morin, Allan and Jinnah 2023 |
Amendment procedures | N= 847 | main text and annex | Bélanger and Morin 2023 | |
Trade provisions | N= 2104 | 47 different types of trade provisions | Morin, Brandi and Schwab 2023 |